Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022): Time
Articles

Backward Time of Genocide

Krzysztof Gajewski
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Bio

Published 2022-12-22

Keywords

  • Holocaust,
  • Holodomor,
  • Congo,
  • time,
  • genocide

How to Cite

Gajewski, K. (2022). Backward Time of Genocide. Papers in Arts and Humanities, 2(2), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.52885/pah.v2i2.110

Abstract

In the article the notion of time in the context of the phenomena of a genocide will be analyzed. Genocide is almost never perceived by public consciousness as it progresses The present time of genocide, as it is experienced by its participants and witnesses, displays features similar to taboos. How too hard to accept for consciousness, it is forced out of the conscious memory of its surviving actors. Consequently, it seems to be a taboo for social memory too. As a result, the very recognition of the fact of genocide usually takes place many decades or even generations after the genocide itself. Przemysław Czapliński coined a term “A retrograde disaster” (Katastrofa wsteczna), as to describe Holocaust of Jews in Poland during the II world war. The point of this term is intended to describe an event that occurred mostly unnoticed and unrecognized in its importance. This was the case of Jews’ pogroms in Poland, happening during the II world war, and shortly after. The public discussion on this topic started in 2000, after Jan Tomasz Gross’ publication. National Museum of the Holodomor Genocide in Kiev was founded in 2010, even though it is devoted to memorialize the events from 1932-33. The analysis of the specificity of the time of genocide will be based on a few chosen examples.



References

  1. Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. Viking Press.
  2. Bieńczyk-Missala, A. (2020). Raphael Lemkin’s legacy in international law. In M. Odello & P. Łubiński (Eds.), The concept of genocide in international criminal law. Developments after Lemkin (pp. 3–15). Routledge.
  3. Błoński, J. (1987). Biedni Polacy patrzą na getto. Tygodnik Powszechny, 2.
  4. Czapliński, P. (2015). Katastrofa wsteczna. Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka, 25, 37–66. https://doi.org/10.14746/pspsl.2015.25.2
  5. Gross, J. T. (2000). Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka. Fundacja Pogranicze.
  6. Gross, J. T. (2001). Neighbors: The destruction of the Jewish community in Jedwabne, Poland. Princeton University Press.
  7. Hen, J. (2008). Pingpongista. Wydawnictwo W.A.B.
  8. Heyd, D. (2019). Supererogation. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition). The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/supererogation/
  9. Hochschild, A. (1998). King Leopold’s ghost: A story of greed, terror and heroism in colonial Africa. Pan Macmillan.
  10. Holland, A. (Director). (2012, January 5). In Darkness [Drama, War]. Schmidtz Katze Filmkollektiv, The Film Works, Polski Instytut Sztuki Filmowej.
  11. Interfax-Ukraine. (2013, November 20). Poll: Almost two-thirds of Ukrainians believe famine of 1932-1933 was organized by Stalinist regime. https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175778.html
  12. Jones, A. (2006). Genocide. A comprehensive introduction. Routledge.
  13. Leakey, R. (1994). The origin of humankind. Basic Books.
  14. Lemkin, R. (1944). Axis rule in occupied Europe: Laws of occupation, analysis of government, proposals for redress. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Division of International Law.
  15. Lewy, G. (2007). The Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey. A disputed genocide. University of Utah Press.
  16. Lindqvist, S. (1996). Exterminate all the brutes. One man’s odyssey into the heart of darkness and the origins of European genocide (J. Tate, Trans.). The New Press.
  17. Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority. An experimental view. Tavistock.
  18. Moses, A. D. (2021). The problems of genocide. Permanent security and the language of transgression. Cambridge University Press.
  19. Pasikowski, W. (Director). (2012, November 9). Poklosie [Drama, Fantasy, Thriller]. Apple Film Productions, Metrafilms, Topkapi Films.
  20. Pawlikowski, P. (Director). (2013, October 25). Ida [Drama]. Opus Film, Phoenix Film Investments, Canal+ Polska.
  21. Sartre, J.-P. (1968). Genocide. New Left Review, I/48, 13–25.
  22. Serbyn, R. (2005). Ukraine (famine). In D. Shelton (Ed.), Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity. Macmillan Reference.
  23. Słobodzianek, T. (2009). Nasza klasa: Historia w XIV lekcjach. Wydawn. słowo/obraz terytoria.
  24. Spiegelman, A. (1996). The complete Maus: A survivor’s tale. Pantheon. (Original work published 1980–1991)
  25. Spiegelman, A. (2001). Maus: Opowieść ocalałego (P. Bikont, Trans.; Vol. 1–2). Post.
  26. Temertey, L. (1983). Holodomor (Ukrainian Famine of 1933 Memorial) [Sculpture (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada)]. https://edmontonpublicart.ca/#!/details/82
  27. Tokarska-Bakir, J. (2018). Pod klątwą. Społeczny portret pogromu kieleckiego. Wydawnictwo Czarna Owca.
  28. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, United Nations, December 9, 1948, 78 UNTS 277, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2078/volume-78-I-1021-English.pdf
  29. Urmson, J. O. (1958). Saints and heros. In A. Melden (Ed.), Essays in moral philosophy (pp. 198–216). University of Washington Press.
  30. Zimbardo, P. (2008). The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. Random House.