Published 2024-07-29
Keywords
- attention,
- propaganda,
- concentration,
- prosopopoeia,
- materiality
Copyright (c) 2024 György Fogarasi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Abstract
During the spring of 1939, a new and complete English translation of Mein Kampf was issued, which induced Kenneth Burke to publish his genuinely rhetorical analysis of Hitler’s writing shortly after that. The same spring also saw the publication of one of James Thurber’s fables, “The Owl Who Was God.” Coincidental as this constellation may be, the present paper ventures to critically juxtapose the Hitlerian recipe for war propaganda and the satirical Thurberian treatment of totalitarianism. The argument is organized around two notions: concentration and prosopopoeia. While Mein Kampf aims at concentrating the attention of the people on a single enemy, to be expelled by a single Führer, Thurber’s fable demonstrates, on multiple levels, the ways in which such a concentration is inscribed in the figural workings of prosopopoeia, understood here as a trope not simply of personification but of figuration in general, as well as a trope of spectrality. Since, however, the fable does not lend itself to easy instrumentalization for didactic or satirical purposes, it also showcases a certain resistance, which may, in turn, also help us think about the materiality of literature.
References
- Arner, R. D. (1984). “The black, memorable year 1929”: James Thurber and the Great Depression. Studies in American Humor, 3(2/3), 237–252.
- Barnes, J. J., Barnes P. P. & Carey. A. E. (1986). An English translation of Hitler’s Mein Kampf printed in Germany, ca. 1940. The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 80(3), 375–377.
- Bassett, J. E. (1985). Thurber and the critics: The problem of Humor. Studies in Popular Culture 8(2), 33–41.
- Benjamin, W. (1991). Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit: Dritte Fassung [The work of art in the age of its technical reproducibility: Third version]. In R. Tiedemann & H. Schweppenhäuser (Eds.). Gesammelte Schriften I.1 (pp. 471–508). Suhrkamp.
- Benjamin, W. (2006). The work of art in the age of its technical reproducibility: Third version. In H. Eiland & M. W. Jennings (Eds.), Selected Writings, Volume 4, 1938–1940 (pp. 51–283). Harvard University Press.
- Bernays, E. L. (1928). Propaganda. Liveright.
- Burke, K. (1972). Thurber perfects mind cure. In G. A. Harrison (Eds.). The critic as artist: Essays on books 1920–1970, (pp. 55–58). Liveright.
- Burke, K. (1973). The rhetoric of Hitler’s “Battle”. In K. Burke, The Philosophy of Literary Form: Studies in Symbolic Action (pp. 191–220). University of California Press.
- Cashman, S. D. (1989). America in the twenties and thirties: The Olympian age of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York University Press.
- Chiba, Y. (2015). On faith in conduct: The aesthetic of American fiction of 1930s. [Dissertation]. University of Tsukuba.
- Crary, J. (2001). Suspensions of perception: Attention, spectacle, and modern culture. MIT Press.
- De Man, P. (1996). Aesthetic Ideology. University of Minnesota Press.
- Duttlinger, C. (2007). Between contemplation and distraction: Configurations of attention in Walter Benjamin. German Studies Review, 30(1) (February), 33–54.
- Duttlinger, C. (2022). Attention and distraction in modern German literature, thought, and culture. Oxford University Press.
- Eckler, A. R. (1973). The wordplay of James Thurber. https://jstor.org/stable/community. 34570981.
- Eco, U. (1995). Ur-fascism. The New York Review of Books (June 22). https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/.
- Fensch, Th., ed. (1989). Conversations with James Thurber. University Press of Mississippi.
- Gale, S. H. (1984). Thurber and the “New Yorker.” Studies in American Humor, 3(1), 11–23.
- Grauer, N. A. (1994). Remember laughter: A life of James Thurber. University of Nebraska Press.
- Heidegger, M. (1981). The pathway, trans. Th. F. O’Meara & Th. Sheehan. In Th. Sheehan (Ed.) Heidegger: The man and the thinker (pp. 69–72). Precedent Publishing.
- Heidegger, M. (1983). Der Feldweg [The pathway]. In M. Heidegger, Aus der Erfahrung des Denkens, 1910–1976, ed. H. Heidegger. Gesamtausgabe, vol. 13 (pp. 87–90). Vittorio Klostermann.
- Heidegger, M. (2000a). Aus Gesprächen mit einem buddhistischen Mönch [From conversations with a Buddhist monk]. In M. Heidegger, Reden und andere Zeugnisse eines Lebensweges, 1910–1976, ed. H. Heidegger. Gesamtausgabe, vol. 16 (pp. 589–593). Vittorio Klostermann.
- Heidegger, M. (2000b). Die Selbstbehauptung der deutschen Universität [The German university’s self-assertion]. In M. Heidegger, Reden und Andere Zeugnisse eines Lebensweges, 1910–1976, ed. H. Heidegger. Gesamtausgabe, vol. 16 (pp. 107–117). Vittorio Klostermann.
- Hitler, A. (1939). Mein Kampf, trans. and annot. A. Johnson et al. Reynal & Hitchcock.
- Hitler, A. (2016). Mein Kampf: Eine kritische Edition [Mein Kampf: A critical edition], ed. and annot. Ch. Hartmann et al. Institut für Zeitgeschichte.
- James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. Macmillan.
- Kenney, C. M. (1974). The world of James Thurber: An anatomy of confusion [Dissertation]. Loyola University Chicago.
- Koschorke, A. (2017). On Hitler’s Mein Kampf: The Politics of National Socialism, trans. Erik Butler. MIT Press.
- Le Bon, G. (1896). The crowd: A study of the popular mind. Macmillan.
- North, P. (2012). The problem of distraction. Stanford University Press.
- Pauley, G. (2009). Criticism in context: Kenneth Burke’s “The Rhetoric of Hitler’s ‘Battle’”. KB Journal, 6(1). http://kbjournal.org/content/criticism-context-kenneth-burkes-rhetoric-hitlers-battle.
- Rosen, M. J. (2019). A fabulist for our time. In J. Thurber, The collected fables, ed. M. J. Rosen. Harper Perennial. epub.
- Schönemann, F. (1924). Die Kunst der Massenbeeinflussung in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika [The art of influencing the masses in the United States of America]. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
- Solomon, E. (1984). Eustace Tilley sees the thirties through a glass monocle, Lightly: “New Yorker” cartoonists and the depression years. Studies in American Humor, 3(2/3), 201–219.
- Sun, D. (1994). Thurber’s Fables for our time: A Case study in satirical use of great chain metaphor. Studies in American Humor 3(1), 51–61.
- Taylor, Ph. M. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present. Manchester University Press.
- Thurber, J. (1935). The middle-aged man on the flying trapeze: A Collection of short stories with drawings by the author. Grosset & Dunlap.
- Thurber, J. (1939). The owl who thought he was god. The New Yorker (April 29), 23.
- Thurber, J. (1940). Fables for our time and famous poems illustrated. Harper & Row.
- Thurber, J. (1956). Further fables for our time. Hamish Hamilton.
- Thurber, J. (1961). The case for comedy. In J. Thurber. Lanterns and Lances (pp. 117–123). Harper & Brothers.
- Thurber, J. (2002). The Thurber letters, ed. H. Kinney. Simon & Schuster.
- Tobias, R. C. (1970). The art of James Thurber. Ohio University Press.
- Tye, L. (1998). The father of spin: Edward L. Bernays and the birth of public relations. Crown Publishers.
- Williams, P. (2022). The US graphic novel. Edinburgh University Press.